עדכוני חקיקה ופסיקה

צו הורות פסיקתי בישראל לא יינתן למועד קודם לניתוק הקשר ההורי של הפונדקאית

03 פברואר 2020

הדפסה

פורסם ב אפיק משפטי 302 12.02.2020

זוג גברים נשואים התקשרו בהסכם לנשיאת עוברים עם אזרחית ארה"ב על פיו נולדו שני תינוקות אשר קיבלו צו פסיקתי במינסוטה ארה"ב, לפיו אחד הגברים הוא האב והקשר בין האם הפונדקאית לתינוקות מתנתק. שבוע ימים לאחר מכן הכיר בית המשפט הישראלי באבהות בהסתמך על תוצאות בדיקת סיווג רקמות והוגשה בקשה למתן צווי הורות פסיקתיים שיכירו בבן הזוג כהורה אף הוא רטרואקטיבית ממועד הלידה.
בית המשפט העליון קבע, כי צו ההורות הפסיקתי יחול רק ממועד נתינתו ולא רטרואקטיבית ממועד הלידה מכיוון שהוא מכונן (קונסטיטוטיבי) ולא צו הצהרתי בלבד, אלא במקרים חריגים. יש שלושה פרמטרים על פיהם תיבחן חריגה מהכלל בדבר תחולת צו ההורות ממועד נתינתו: הראשון, והעיקרי שבהם, הוא "טובת הילד", אך לא שיקולים של טובת ההורים או הטבה כלכלית, השני הוא ממד הזמן – ככל שחולף זמן בין הלידה לבקשת צו ההורות הפסיקתי כך תפחת הנכונות להעניק לצו תחולה רטרואקטיבית; והשלישי - העדר זיקה הורית שלישית כדי לוודא שלא יהיה מצב בו לילד שלושה הורים. כאן בית המשפט במינסוטה ניתק את הזיקה ההורית בין הפונדקאית לילדים רק שבועיים אחרי הלידה ולכן לא ניתן לתת צו שחל ממועד הלידה.

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